zheng

Правление у Конфуция — продолжение самовоспитания правителя: править значит выправлять, начиная с себя. Личный пример действует без приказов; добродетель и ритуал рождают стыд и исправление, законы и казни — только увёртливость. Опоры state-craft: еда, оружие, доверие народа — и жертвовать ими в этом порядке, доверие — последним.

Свидетельства (Analects, Legge)

[12.17] 政者，正也。

To govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct?

[13.6] 其身正，不令而行；其身不正，雖令不從。

When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed.

[2.3] 道之以政，齊之以刑，民免而無恥。

If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame.

[2.1] 為政以德，譬如北辰。

He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.

[12.19] 子為政，焉用殺？

Sir, in carrying on your government, why should you use killing at all? Let your evinced desires be for what is good, and the people will be good.

[12.7] 去食。自古皆有死，民無信不立。

Part with the food. From of old, death has been the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state.

[13.16] 近者說，遠者來。

Good government obtains, when those who are near are made happy, and those who are far off are attracted.

[2.19] 舉直錯諸枉，則民服。

Advance the upright and set aside the crooked, then the people will submit.

Связи

  • de — правление добродетелью против правления наказанием [2.1], [2.3].
  • zhengming — первая мера правления — выправить имена [13.3]; «государь — государь» [12.11].
  • xin — доверие народа — несущая конструкция государства [12.7].
  • li — выравнивание народа ритуалом, а не карой [2.3].
  • xiao — семейный порядок — модель политического.

Осторожно

  • Не читать как пацифизм или анархизм: Конфуций не отменяет наказаний и армии, он их субординирует.
  • «Народ подчинится» [2.19] — про кадровую честность (возвышай прямых), не про манипуляцию.